Galileo's Telescope

The narrative on Galileo's telescope is well known and retold many times. It was in the summer of 1609 that Galileo heard of news that some Dutch opticians had come up with some kind of optical instrument that can amplify objects and made them closer. The news was by then very well-known when Galileo was told of it.

The Venetian government was alert to it and was considering buying over the instrument from a foreigner until Galileo's friend Paolo Sarpi advised them to delay purchasing as he was positive that Galileo could match or even better it. Galileo was a great experimentalist and then he devoted himself to improve the instrument and he came up with a more powerful instrument that had greater than before magnifying power. This was done through his understanding of improved magnification through a weak convex lens and a strong concave lens. At that time no optician was able to manufacture a much higher magnification than three and he has to grind the lenses himself.

It was then in the autumn of 1609 and as curiosity taken over him, he aimed the refined instrument towards the sky. He was then astounded by the power of the new device. From the observation, he figured out that the earth was not the center of the universe. It was opposite to what the bible was about at that times and the church stated publicly that Galileo was wrong. Galileo disputed that the interpreter of the bible might be wrong but he was accused of deviation. Though he was found innocent, he was banned from spreading the Copernican belief system.

Copernican belief system was the set of guidelines that Earth is not the center of the universe but revolve round the sun. Galileo went on to apply his knowledge of the refined instrument to other areas in particular the study on Jupiter and the ocean's tides. He persisted with the Copernican belief system even though he was not allowed to perpetuate. As a result he was placed on house arrest until his death.

It was from there that he unearthed even more sightings. The spots on the surface of the sun, rings that surround Saturn and the number of phases that Venus goes through were a result of his observations. All these were published in "The Starry Messenger" in 1610. That caused quite a stir back then just to imagine that the earth was round and not flat as thought earlier.

Galileo was the early contributor to the refined, contemporary telescope that we known today. Without his inquisitiveness and observations, our understanding and knowledge of the modern universe will not be as complete.

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iphone3gs video test with the lens of glasses.MOV

I had a test of iphone's video with the lens of personal glasses as beginning out of curiosity. This movie is the output of the test and shows the following result. The concave lens of glasses used for a shortsighted people can change the angle of iphone's lens with working just like a wide lens.

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PARABOLIC DISH MIRROR PARABOLOID DIY REFLECTOR DIRECT TV SAVE ENERGY Solar Reflective Film

www.greenpowerscience.com The reflective film is here: This is a dish conversion.

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Panasonic dmc ft1 test.

Dmc ft1, rendered the raw mts avchd to wmv 3mbps 640x480, sorry but theres a noticeable drop in HD quality. but you get the idea. bit of camera shake with the mount makes things look scrapy, but when stationary it clears up nice. melbourne traffic nth to sth east 7am i want to do a comparo with my GoPro HD, as it has a wide concave lense on it.

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PARABOLIC MIRROR VACUUM POWER Giant Adjustable Parabolic

This is a thick Mylar based parabolic mirror with a 40 inch effective area. The focal length is adjustable with vacuum power. It produces amazing optics and may be an option for a Dobsonian Telescope. The part C material is a first surface mirror on one side and second surface on the other. We coat the first surface with an enamel spray as water can remove the mirror. Once coated it is weather proof. We also use the second surface for solar. FOCAL LENGTH 5000 MM TO 8000 MM. I left this a bit baggy but with a good stretch, you can make a 15M FL.

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Fireworks Extravaganza Micro Nuke

This particular firework is called an Urban Assault Vehicle but on my camera since in has a nice concave lense it makes one part look something along the lines of a nuclear explsion

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Who Really Invented the Telescope?

For most of us, we thought that Galileo Galilei was the inventor of telescope because this is what our science teachers have told us and this is what we have read in our science books. But the truth is, we are wrong because even if Galilei was one of the greatest astronomers this planet has ever produced, he was not the one who invented the telescope, so who invented the telescope is a question that has been plaguing our mind.

The answer to question on who invented the telescope is Hans Lipperhey. Yes he was the one who invented the telescope and his invention has greatly contributed to world of astronomy and science as whole. The telescope has changed the landscape of many things in our world. The telescope is used not only in discovering the world outside our planet such as the stars, planets and other astronomical objects but even in our daily lives. For instance, a telescope is used in aiding navigation and transportation such as a vessel and it is used even in the military field, as a tool of protecting and defending one's territory.

Now going back to the question on who invented the telescope, this guy named Han Lipperhey was the cause for a big change in our world and he was born in Germany and built his home in Netherlands. Married in 1954 and a citizen of the Netherlands I 1602, he was a trader by professions. At that time when the Italians came up with glass-techniques that was introduced to the Netherlands, such development has brought new ideas and progress and people then began to try out different ways of creating lenses. It was in 1608 that telescopes were invented.

The truth was there was not only one person who invented the telescope because the invention can be given to three persons, Hans Lippershey and Zacharis Janssen and Jacob Metius. After the invention, telescopes were then produced in numbers and were spread across Europe and eventually in the Americas and in Asia. The early telescopes can only increase the size of an object thrice its original size. But the present telescopes can view object that are light years away and can see even the tiny object and magnify them.

When did Galilei enter into the picture? He actually did not invent the telescope but added some things because he put a convex and concave lens in a tube so what he did was an improved version of the original one. So Galilei was not really the one who invented the telescope.
Now here is the twist to the story because there was a rumor that circulated that it was neither Galilei nor Hans who invented. It was the children of Hans who found out about the telescope while they were playing. But that side of the story on who invented the telescope was not yet proven. So at this point, we have to settle with the more believable version and that is, it was Hans and two others who invented the telescope.

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How to Make a Telescope - Tips and Guidelines For Beginners

Making a telescope is an extraordinarily rewarding experience because it crosses several different realms of experience. The first reward for you is the fun of making something. And the second reward is the sheer pleasure of using what you made to explore the universe. And you also get the added benefits of saving some money and learning about telescopes and building things.

The Simplest telescope you can make

There are a lot of different types you can make and the absolute simplest one you can make is composed of just two lenses. One large lens called an objective and a second smaller lens called an eyepiece. You hold one lens near your eye and another lens at arms length. You adjust the difference between the two by moving your arm in toward you. A point will be reached where everything comes into focus. It is as simple as that. You have a telescope. Now you can make it much better by creating a tube around it. Get two cardboard tubes with one that can slide in and out of the other. You mount one lens on the end of one tube and the other lens on the end of the other tube. Insert one tube into the other and then slide them in and out to find the focus.

You can get very inexpensive lenses from a variety of surplus and online stores and they generally will only cost a couple of dollars each. I recommend you get for your primary lens a convex lens at least 50 millimeters in diameter and a focal length of between 200 and 300 millimeters. For the secondary lens I recommend you get a convex lens that is between 10 and 25 millimeters wide with a focal length of less than 75 millimeters.

There are several things you can do to make this telescope even better. First off you could make a tube out of something more durable than cardboard tubes. Secondly, this type of telescope will invert images so everything appears upside down which is ok for viewing the sky but is very awkward for viewing things on the earth. You can solve this by using a concave lens for the eyepiece rather than a convex lens.

You can purchase the lenses individually from online surplus stores and there are several kits readily available that give you all the necessary materials to make this kind of telescope. They also come in bulk units for classroom and group use. A kit like this typically gives you all the materials needed to make ten or more telescopes.

Getting A little more involved with your telescope making

If you want a bit more of a challenge you should consider making some type of reflector telescope. Instead of a large objective lens as the light gatherer this type uses a mirror. A reflector can be very economical by giving you great price versus performance. Mirrors cost substantially less than lenses so for the same amount of money spent you can get a much larger and much more powerful telescope.

If you have a bit of woodworking or metal working skill and you want to tackle a project that is well within the means of a hobbyist you might want to consider making a Dobsonian telescope. A Dobsonian telescope uses a parabolic mirror to collect the light and most Dobsonian builders buy the mirror then build the mount for the mirror to go in. The basic concept of this type of telescope is that it is easy to build and easy to use. It is pretty much just a rotating base with a telescope tube mounted on it. And this type of instrument has gotten very popular because it really is easy to use and easy to build. And one of the biggest benefits is that because it is so inexpensive to build more money can be spent on larger mirrors which can make them quite remarkable in terms of their ability to see things in the night sky. If you are considering making this type of scope you probably should begin with one that has a mirror between six and eight inches in diameter.

Whether you build a refractor or a reflector telescope making is a very rewarding pursuit and is something you can enjoy for a lifetime. And once you start you might find that you have caught the fever and will be always looking toward building bigger and better ones. For some people making them is half the fun.

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Contact Lenses - The Latest Trends

Move With The Present Day World With Latest Contact Lenses:

Contact lenses are diminutive, concave devices used for corrective, therapeutic, or cosmetic purposes and is placed on the eyes cornea. It is first used to replace the use of glasses for people who have eye problems. Because of this, some eye lenses are considered corrective. A corrective lens can improve a person's vision. Only eye experts prescribe corrective lens. The common eye conditions that are corrected by the lenses are near and far sightedness, and astigmatism. Doctors recommend remedial lens so that existing conditions in the eye, such as corneal edema and ulcers, are confined allowing it to cure faster. This type of lens works by defensive the eyes from friction, blinking of the eyelids, and the dirt and filth in the air.

Different Types Of Contact Lenses In Trend:

Up-to-the-minute technology allows the production of eye care lenses that let through approximately six times more oxygen than ordinary soft eye lenses. Lenses intended for extended wear are made of extra-permeable silicone hydro gel materials and 'breathe' so well that oxygen deprivation is no longer a problem, even if you wear your lenses for several days.

Extended Daily Wear Contact Lenses:

Contact lenses that you can put in and wear incessantly for many days are the nightmare of many contact lens wearers. But is it out of harm's way? Find out if extended wear contacts are true for you. Most eye care lenses are daily wear - you wear them during the day and take them out for the night. Lenses have to be taken out because they partially block the flow of oxygen to your cornea. In other words, your eyes need a rest without contacts. However, many contact lens wearers desire that they didn't have to remove their lenses every evening. Knowing this, contact lens manufacturers have worked really hard to build up a contact lens material that doesn't block oxygen and would allow you to wear your lenses for several days - or even weeks - without risk to your health.

Silicon-hydro gel contacts:

Having dry eyes simply means that you may have to appraise a variety of lenses before finding the right kind for you. A qualified contact lens fitter should be able to find a specific lens that will work well for most any eye, even dry eyes. Soft contact lens manufacturers such as Cooper Vision have developed materials that are designed specifically to stay hydrated while on a dry eye. Lenses such as the Pro clear Compatibles, Acuvue Oasys, Extreme H2O, work wonders in a dry eye environment. Every lens is made from an exclusive proprietary plastic that retains water content, hydration, and/or shape throughout the day. Rigid gas permeable lenses also work very well on dry eyes. An RGP lens is made of a rigid plastic that does not absorb as much solution as a soft lens.

Disposable Contact Lenses:

Disposable eye lenses are those that are replaced after every two weeks or even earlier. Frequent contact lenses are exchanged after a month or even quarterly. Traditional or reusable eye lenses are replaced in six months or in a year.

Color Contact Lenses:

Color contact lenses have turn out to be a well-liked choice among many contact lens wearers, and with the hard to believe variety and specialty lens applications accessible, you can now add a little spice in the look of your eyes! If you're searching for colored contact lenses online, either to wear for cosmetic purposes, or you currently have an eye condition and would like to try a pair of color lenses, you will be satisfied to know many contact lens suppliers will offer you a voucher to try a pair for free of charge!

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History of Microscopes

Hans Janssen and Zacharias Janssen are held to be the inventors of the microscope, according to the recorded letters of the Dutch envoy, William Boreel. The invention was around the year 1595. Galileo Galilei developed a compound microscope using a convex and a concave lens in the year 1609. The formulation of Christian Huygens in the 17th century, the simple 2-lens ocular system with achromatic correction is popular even today. Anton van Leeuwenhoek popularized the functionality of the instrument among the biologists and the credibility, the "Father of Microscopy" is generally awarded to him. Leeuwenhoek made his famous single lens microscope in the year 1673.

During the beginning years of invention, the microscope was a toy in the rich houses. The first significant discovery using microscopes was about the circulating blood system of the human body. It then led to many valuable discoveries for mankind. The steps such as the correction of spherical aberration, use of achromatic lenses etc were appreciated during the 1820's. August Kohler introduced the microscope lamp with filters in 1880. He also finalized the condenser position to provide the best image projection. The theory of the microscope was published by Ernst Abbe in 1873. In the same year, Ernst Leitz introduced the microscope with a revolving mount for 5 objectives. The oil immersion lens was used from the year 1878, and the apochromatic objective was introduced into microscopy by Ernst Abbe in1886.

The first commercial UV microscope was presented by Zeiss in 1904. In 1930, Fritz Zernike invented the phase contrast microscope, which helps to study transparent living things. The revolutionary TEM electron microscope of Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll was introduced in 1931 and the scanning electron microscope was evolved later in 1937. Yet another milestone in the history of microscopes is the scanning tunneling microscope invented in 1981 by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, which help to visualize the atomic level 3D structure of objects. The scanning laser confocal microscope was commercially available from 1983.

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