Sunday, 24 April 2011

Formation Of An Image By a Concave Mirror

Check us out at www.tutorvista.com To view an object in any type of mirror, a person must sight along a line at the image of the object. All persons capable of seeing the image must sight along a line of sight directed towards the precise image location. As a person sights in a mirror at the image of an object, there will be a reflected ray of light coming from the mirror to that person's eye. The origin of this light ray is the object. A multitude of light rays from the object are incident on the mirror in a variety of directions; yet as you sight at the image, only a small portion of the many rays will reflect off the mirror and travel to your eye. To see an object in a mirror, you must sight at the image; and when you do reflected rays of light will travel from the mirror to your eye along your line of sight. Not all people who are viewing the object in the mirror will sight along the same geometrical line of sight. The precise direction of the sight line depends on the location of the object, the location of the person, and the type of mirror. Yet all of the lines of sight, regardless of their direction, will pass through the image location. In fact, the image location is defined as the location where reflected rays intersect. Since all people see a reflected ray of light as they sight at an image in the mirror, then the image location must be the intersection point of these reflected rays.

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Thursday, 21 April 2011

Light Rays in a Lens

demonstrations.wolfram.com The Wolfram Demonstrations Project contains thousands of free interactive visualizations, with new entries added daily. This Demonstration shows the path of light rays passing through a convex or concave lens. Contributed by: Volodymyr Holovatsky (Chernivtsi National University, Ukraine)

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Monday, 18 April 2011

Check Out Phoenix - Lens - 500 mm - f/8.0 Mirror - Canon EF

Phoenix - Lens - 500 mm - f/8.0 Mirror - Canon EF Review





Phoenix - Lens - 500 mm - f/8.0 Mirror - Canon EF Feature


  • KIT INCLUDES 4 PRODUCTS -- ALL BRAND NEW Items with all Manufacturer-supplied Accessories + Full Phoenix USA Warranty:
  • <#1> Phoenix 500mm f/8 Mirror Lens PLUS +
  • <#2> Precision Design T-Mount for Canon EOS (Autofocus) +
  • <#3> Phoenix 2x Teleconverter + <#4> Rear Lens Cap for Canon
  • Will mount to ANY Canon EOS AutoFocus Film or Canon Digital SLR Camera Including: Rebel X, Rebel XS, Rebel G, Rebel GII, Rebel 2000, Rebel Ti, Rebel T2, Rebel K2, Rebel S, Elan 7, Elan 7E, Elan 7n, Elan 7ne, EOS 1V, EOS 3, EOS 1Ds Mark II III, EOS 1D Mark II III, 10D, 20D, 30D, 40D, 5D, Digital Rebel (300D), Digital Rebel XT (350D), Digital Rebel XTi (400D), & Digital Rebel XSi (450D), Rebel XS (1000D) etc.



Phoenix - Lens - 500 mm - f/8.0 Mirror - Canon EF Overview


Kit includes:
♦ 1) Phoenix 500mm f/8 Mirror Lens
♦ 2) Phoenix 2x Teleconverter
♦ 3) Precision Design T-Mount for Canon EOS (Autofocus)
♦ 4) Rear Lens Cap

Phoenix 500mm f/8 Mirror Lens includes: Filter Set (ND-2X, ND-4X, Skylight); Soft Pouch; Front and Rear Caps; Instruction Manual; Phoenix USA Warranty

This super-telephoto 500mm mirror lens and 2x teleconverter are incredibly compact and lightweight. Using multi-coated optics and an advanced reflex design, they're ideally suited for wildlife, nature and sports photography. The included 2x teleconverter will double the focal length to 1000mm, equivalent to the magnification a 20x high-power binocular and for additional control, a set of 3 filters (Skylight, ND-2X and ND-4X) are also supplied. Macro focusing capability provides an image to subject ratio of 1:2.7 and with the 2X teleconverter, incredibly detailed, almost life-size (1:1.35) images can be obtained. Designed to be easy to use, hold and transport, this super-telephoto lens kit offers incredible magnification and value.

Will mount to ANY Canon EOS AutoFocus Film or Canon Digital SLR Camera Including: Rebel X, Rebel XS, Rebel G, Rebel GII, Rebel 2000, Rebel Ti, Rebel T2, Rebel K2, Rebel S, Elan 7, Elan 7E, Elan 7n, Elan 7ne, EOS 1V, EOS 3, EOS 1Ds Mark II III, EOS 1D Mark II III, 10D, 20D, 30D, 40D, 5D, Digital Rebel (300D), Digital Rebel XT (350D), Digital Rebel XTi (400D), & Digital Rebel XSi (450D), Rebel XS (1000D) etc.




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*** Product Information and Prices Stored: Apr 18, 2011 09:51:07

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Thursday, 14 April 2011

PNW Optics: Concave Mirrors

On February 2, 2008, Physics Northwest Organization of Chicago provided a free workshop on optics. This video shows a variety of demos used to teach about image location in concave mirrors. To learn more about Physics Northwest visit their website at: www.edline.net

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Sunday, 10 April 2011

Check Out Phoenix - Lens - 500 mm - f/8.0 Mirror - Canon EF

Phoenix - Lens - 500 mm - f/8.0 Mirror - Canon EF Review





Phoenix - Lens - 500 mm - f/8.0 Mirror - Canon EF Feature


  • KIT INCLUDES 4 PRODUCTS -- ALL BRAND NEW Items with all Manufacturer-supplied Accessories + Full Phoenix USA Warranty:
  • <#1> Phoenix 500mm f/8 Mirror Lens PLUS +
  • <#2> Precision Design T-Mount for Canon EOS (Autofocus) +
  • <#3> Phoenix 2x Teleconverter + <#4> Rear Lens Cap for Canon
  • Will mount to ANY Canon EOS AutoFocus Film or Canon Digital SLR Camera Including: Rebel X, Rebel XS, Rebel G, Rebel GII, Rebel 2000, Rebel Ti, Rebel T2, Rebel K2, Rebel S, Elan 7, Elan 7E, Elan 7n, Elan 7ne, EOS 1V, EOS 3, EOS 1Ds Mark II III, EOS 1D Mark II III, 10D, 20D, 30D, 40D, 5D, Digital Rebel (300D), Digital Rebel XT (350D), Digital Rebel XTi (400D), & Digital Rebel XSi (450D), Rebel XS (1000D) etc.



Phoenix - Lens - 500 mm - f/8.0 Mirror - Canon EF Overview


Kit includes:
♦ 1) Phoenix 500mm f/8 Mirror Lens
♦ 2) Phoenix 2x Teleconverter
♦ 3) Precision Design T-Mount for Canon EOS (Autofocus)
♦ 4) Rear Lens Cap

Phoenix 500mm f/8 Mirror Lens includes: Filter Set (ND-2X, ND-4X, Skylight); Soft Pouch; Front and Rear Caps; Instruction Manual; Phoenix USA Warranty

This super-telephoto 500mm mirror lens and 2x teleconverter are incredibly compact and lightweight. Using multi-coated optics and an advanced reflex design, they're ideally suited for wildlife, nature and sports photography. The included 2x teleconverter will double the focal length to 1000mm, equivalent to the magnification a 20x high-power binocular and for additional control, a set of 3 filters (Skylight, ND-2X and ND-4X) are also supplied. Macro focusing capability provides an image to subject ratio of 1:2.7 and with the 2X teleconverter, incredibly detailed, almost life-size (1:1.35) images can be obtained. Designed to be easy to use, hold and transport, this super-telephoto lens kit offers incredible magnification and value.

Will mount to ANY Canon EOS AutoFocus Film or Canon Digital SLR Camera Including: Rebel X, Rebel XS, Rebel G, Rebel GII, Rebel 2000, Rebel Ti, Rebel T2, Rebel K2, Rebel S, Elan 7, Elan 7E, Elan 7n, Elan 7ne, EOS 1V, EOS 3, EOS 1Ds Mark II III, EOS 1D Mark II III, 10D, 20D, 30D, 40D, 5D, Digital Rebel (300D), Digital Rebel XT (350D), Digital Rebel XTi (400D), & Digital Rebel XSi (450D), Rebel XS (1000D) etc.




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*** Product Information and Prices Stored: Apr 10, 2011 18:51:04

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Thursday, 7 April 2011

Physics Lenses

Free Science Help at Brightstorm! brightstorm.com How lenses work.

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Monday, 4 April 2011

FCI Vitrectomy Set

The FCI Vitrectomy Set includes a calibrated knife, self-retaining infusion tubing and a disposable plano concave lens.

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Friday, 1 April 2011

Odd Video Effect

Weird video effect I made by recording a moving piece of coloured paper through a concave lens and applying video effects later in kino. Reminds me of those old sci-fi b-movie displays.

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Thursday, 24 March 2011

Refracting Telescopes - A Closer Look

The basic design of the refracting telescope is fairly simple. There are no mirrors used in refracting telescopes, as they employ the use of both an objective lens and an eyepiece. The objective lens is used to refract or bend light so that it converges on a focus point or plane. An eyepiece is used to assist the eye in gathering light.

What differing types of refracting telescopes exist?

Galilean Telescope - This type of telescope was invented in 1609 by, you guessed it, Galileo. Though this particular design did help Galileo view the some of the objects in our solar system, it did have some flaws. The flaw rested within the eyepiece, which caused images to appear distorted. This type of telescope is very much obsolete, but Galileo still achieved simply by being one of the first to create such a wonderful piece of technology.

Keplerian Telescope - Invented by Johannes Kepler in 1611, he employed the same principles as Galileo did, but with one key difference. Rather than using a concave eyepiece like Galileo, he employed a convex eyepiece. The downside to this design was that the image being viewed was inverted (upside-down). He did, however achieve a much clearer image and a wider field of view.

Achromatic Refractors - The key difference in an Achromatic Refractor is the use of an objective lens consisting of two separate pieces of glass. These are used to bring two wavelengths, blue and red, into focus on the same plane. These telescopes are widely available today for beginners and amateurs.

Apochromatic Refractors - Following the similar objective design as the Achromatic Refractor, the Apochromatic Refractor uses an objective lens able to bring three wavelengths (red, blue and green) into focus on the same plane. These telescopes are built with extra low dispersion materials to free them from chromatic aberration. These telescopes are geared more towards the more experienced astronomer, but are still relatively simple in usage.

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Monday, 21 March 2011

eye model experiment + concave & convex lense

Experiment on the properties of image, effect of focal length, eye model. Science Exhibition 2005. SMK Agama Pahang, Muadzam Shah, Pahang, Malaysia

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Friday, 18 March 2011

How to make a telescope

Things You'll Need: * Cardboard Tubes * Glue Guns * Convex And Concave Telescope Lenses 1. Step 1 Acquire a pair of lenses - a large convex lens and a small concave one. (Convex lenses are thicker in the center than at the edge; concave ones are thinner in the center.) 2. Step 2 Find two cardboard tubes that will allow one to slide inside the other. 3. Step 3 Figure out how far apart the lenses should be by looking through the smaller lens while holding the larger one out in front of you. When you can focus on an object in the distance, measure how far it is between the two lenses. 4. Step 4 Double that measurement. The length of the two tubes should be about this long. 5. Step 5 Fasten the larger lens on one end of the wider tube. Hot glue is good for this. 6. Step 6 Mount the smaller lens at the opening of the smaller tube. This is the eyepiece. 7. Step 7 Build a gasket from cardboard or Styrofoam if the tube opening is larger than the lens. 8. Step 8 Make sure the lenses line up with each other. The centers should be in the centers of the tubes and the lenses should be parallel with each other. India Becomes Universal Leader In Space www.freewebs.com www.freewebs.com www.freewebs.com www.freewebs.com

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Tuesday, 15 March 2011

CARD FRESNEL LENS SOLAR HEATER SUN COLLECTION GREEN ENERGY

www.greenpowerscience.com MONSTER 52" X 40" FRESNEL LENS 3300 DEGREES F. SUPER HOT WATER BOILER 1.3 KILOWATT HEAT ENERGY

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Saturday, 12 March 2011

What is a Refracting Telescope?

A refracting telescope uses a lens as its objective to form an image. The refracting telescope was designed for used in a spy glass, but is also used in other devices such as binoculars and telephoto camera lenses.

There are two principles to a refracting telescope, an objective lens and an eyepiece. These two principles gather more light for the human eye and helps to focus and present it in a brighter, clearer, and magnified virtual image. A refractive telescope bends light to cause parallel light rays to converge at a focal point.

Galilean Telescopes are refracting telescopes. Galileo came up with the design in 1608 and uses a convex lens and a concave eyepiece lens. The Galilean telescope magnifies objects up to thirty times. The Galilean telescope was the first telescope to see the planet Jupiter and its moons.

The Keplerian Telescope, invent by Johannes Kepler in 1611 improves upon Galileo's design. The Keplerian Telescope uses a convex lens in opposition to Galileo's concave lens. This allows for a broader field of view and greater eye relief. However, the view is introverted.

An achromatic refractor is a refracting lens which was invented in 1733. The design over came the need for very long focal lengths and used two pieces of glass with different dispersion to limit the effects of chromatic and spherical aberration. Each side of each piece of glass is ground and polished, at which point the two pieces of glass are assembled together. Achromatic lenses bring two wavelengths together and focus them on the same plane.

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Thursday, 3 March 2011

PHY112 Week 8

This week was mostly about the properties of light. We did experiments to help us understand how light works. We learned about how convex and concave lenses work. There was a change made to project 2, and I hope it makes things a bit easier.

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Sunday, 27 February 2011

Ray Diagrams for Lenses

demonstrations.wolfram.com The Wolfram Demonstrations Project contains thousands of free interactive visualizations, with new entries added daily. This Demonstration lets you visualize the ray diagrams for converging and diverging lenses. By manipulating the object and lens locations, you can create real or virtual images. The rays parallel to the principal axis and the ray through the center of t... Contributed by: Ernest Lee

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Thursday, 24 February 2011

Cyberphysics - Spectacles

Correction of myopia (short sight) and hypermetropia (long sight) by using glasses - diagrams and calculations.

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Monday, 21 February 2011

FREE ENERGY SOLAR POWER STIRLING ENGINE FRESNEL LENS

www.greenpowerscience.com This is the first segment of our half-hour weekly program. Available in HD. Shot with a Canon XH A1. THIS IS THE FULL VERSION. Solar Training Solar Thermal Training Green Power Green Energy Science.

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Thursday, 17 February 2011

Defects Of Vision1

Check us out at www.tutorvista.com Defects of vision The two main defects of vision are long sightedness and short sightedness. •short-sighted - cannot focus on objects in the distance The lens does not focus the light rays from far away objects exactly onto the retina. The light rays are focused just in front of the retina. Short Sighted without Glasses If the short-sighted person wears spectacles with a concave or diverging lens the light rays spread or diverge just before they reach the eye, and then are focused exactly on the retina. Short sighted corrected with glasses Long sightedness is exactly the opposite. •short-sighted - cannot focus on objects close by The lens focuses the light rays from near by objects behind the retina. Long sighted without glasses. A long-sighted person must wear spectacles which have a convex lens. This brings in, or converges, the rays before they reach the eye so that they focus exactly on the retina. Log Sighted corrected with glasses.

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Monday, 14 February 2011

HD Video Surveillance - Power of Lenses- Section I Video 4

In the last two videos we learned how to use pixels and camera placement to calculate our Fields of Fire. Now we're going to use the power of lenses to focus this protection. A cameras' job is to gather a portion of light, measure the correct amount with an iris and pass it through a lense that focuses onto a CCD. This iris is like our own and the CCD like our retina. GATHER & CLEAN - We gather and shape the light down a gauntlet of concave and convex lenses called 'elements' that are protectively coated to deflect damaging rays...just like sunscreen. MEASURE DOSAGE - Now that the light has been gathered, cleaned and shaped it is steered through the iris to calibrate the correct dosage. FOCUS - This perfect dosage of clean light now travels a distance called 'Focal Length' from the focusing lense to the CCD. This distance is VERY important as it combines with the iris to precisely define the cameras' area of coverage and depth of view. Most cameras have a FIXED focal length that is measured in millimeters and but offer limited coverage. VariFocal lenses are the best choice for unique areas and changing conditions as they offer precise adjustment. Now, our cameras will be on the criminal like a dog on a bone.

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Friday, 11 February 2011

Optical Lens

Modeling convex and concave spherical lens from two fragments of spheres (for the main surface of the lens) and a thin cylinder between them used to close the internal space of the lens.

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Tuesday, 8 February 2011

Hubble's View Of The Universe [Part 4]

Hubble's View Of The Universe [Part 4 of 10] THE HUBBLE TELESCOPE Hubble works on the same principle as the first reflecting telescope built in the 1600s by Isaac Newton. Light enters the telescope and strikes a concave primary mirror, which acts like a lens to focus the light. The bigger the mirror, the better the image. In Hubble, light from the primary mirror is reflected to a smaller secondary mirror in front of the primary mirror, then back through a hole in the primary to instruments clustered behind the focal plane (where the image is in focus). THE UNIVERSE Hubble's longest exposures are like a core sample of the universe, recording galaxies at many different distances. This is one of the deepest core samples ever taken. It shows a few nearby stars in our Milky Way galaxy. The rest of the objects are distant galaxies, extending from 1 billion to over 10 billion light-years away. STARS Stars live and die over the course of millions to billions of years. It is unusual to see changes in individual stars. To learn more about them, we must piece together snapshots of stars at different life stages — from birth to death. The birth, life, and rebirth of stars is an ongoing process in the universe. The byproducts of this process include planets and the elements that make life possible. GALAXIES Galaxies come in diverse shapes and sizes. NGC 4414 — which is located about 62 million light-years away — is an example of a spiral galaxy. As with most spirals, the central ...

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Saturday, 5 February 2011

ぴったりラップで可変焦点凹レンズ variable focus liquid lens

食品保存用のぴったりラップで可変焦点の凹レンズを作ってみました。材料は以下のとおり。・ぴったりラップS(ホームセンターで3枚入り約400円)・塩ビパイプのジョイント(ホームセンターで約170円)・注射器(化粧水詰め替え用、ダイソーで105円)・ホットボンド(グルーガン)・水

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Wednesday, 2 February 2011

Phoenix - Lens - 500 mm - f/8.0 Mirror - Canon EF

Buy Phoenix - Lens - 500 mm - f/8.0 Mirror - Canon EF Order Today!


Design by :
Phoenix
Over All Rating Reviews :

Great Deal :

Date Created :
Feb 02, 2011 08:21:11

Kit includes:
♦ 1) Phoenix 500mm f/8 Mirror Lens
♦ 2) Phoenix 2x Teleconverter
♦ 3) Precision Design T-Mount for Canon EOS (Autofocus)
♦ 4) Rear Lens Cap

Phoenix 500mm f/8 Mirror Lens includes: Filter Set (ND-2X, ND-4X, Skylight); Soft Pouch; Front and Rear Caps; Instruction Manual; Phoenix USA Warranty

This super-telephoto 500mm mirror lens and 2x teleconverter are incredibly compact and lightweight. Using multi-coated optics and an advanced reflex design, they're ideally suited for wildlife, nature and sports photography. The included 2x teleconverter will double the focal length to 1000mm, equivalent to the magnification a 20x high-power binocular and for additional control, a set of 3 filters (Skylight, ND-2X and ND-4X) are also supplied. Macro focusing capability provides an image to subject ratio of 1:2.7 and with the 2X teleconverter, incredibly detailed, almost life-size (1:1.35) images can be obtained. Designed to be easy to use, hold and transport, this super-telephoto lens kit offers incredible magnification and value.

Will mount to ANY Canon EOS AutoFocus Film or Canon Digital SLR Camera Including: Rebel X, Rebel XS, Rebel G, Rebel GII, Rebel 2000, Rebel Ti, Rebel T2, Rebel K2, Rebel S, Elan 7, Elan 7E, Elan 7n, Elan 7ne, EOS 1V, EOS 3, EOS 1Ds Mark II III, EOS 1D Mark II III, 10D, 20D, 30D, 40D, 5D, Digital Rebel (300D), Digital Rebel XT (350D), Digital Rebel XTi (400D), & Digital Rebel XSi (450D), Rebel XS (1000D) etc.



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Saturday, 29 January 2011

Galileo's Telescope

The narrative on Galileo's telescope is well known and retold many times. It was in the summer of 1609 that Galileo heard of news that some Dutch opticians had come up with some kind of optical instrument that can amplify objects and made them closer. The news was by then very well-known when Galileo was told of it.

The Venetian government was alert to it and was considering buying over the instrument from a foreigner until Galileo's friend Paolo Sarpi advised them to delay purchasing as he was positive that Galileo could match or even better it. Galileo was a great experimentalist and then he devoted himself to improve the instrument and he came up with a more powerful instrument that had greater than before magnifying power. This was done through his understanding of improved magnification through a weak convex lens and a strong concave lens. At that time no optician was able to manufacture a much higher magnification than three and he has to grind the lenses himself.

It was then in the autumn of 1609 and as curiosity taken over him, he aimed the refined instrument towards the sky. He was then astounded by the power of the new device. From the observation, he figured out that the earth was not the center of the universe. It was opposite to what the bible was about at that times and the church stated publicly that Galileo was wrong. Galileo disputed that the interpreter of the bible might be wrong but he was accused of deviation. Though he was found innocent, he was banned from spreading the Copernican belief system.

Copernican belief system was the set of guidelines that Earth is not the center of the universe but revolve round the sun. Galileo went on to apply his knowledge of the refined instrument to other areas in particular the study on Jupiter and the ocean's tides. He persisted with the Copernican belief system even though he was not allowed to perpetuate. As a result he was placed on house arrest until his death.

It was from there that he unearthed even more sightings. The spots on the surface of the sun, rings that surround Saturn and the number of phases that Venus goes through were a result of his observations. All these were published in "The Starry Messenger" in 1610. That caused quite a stir back then just to imagine that the earth was round and not flat as thought earlier.

Galileo was the early contributor to the refined, contemporary telescope that we known today. Without his inquisitiveness and observations, our understanding and knowledge of the modern universe will not be as complete.

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Wednesday, 26 January 2011

iphone3gs video test with the lens of glasses.MOV

I had a test of iphone's video with the lens of personal glasses as beginning out of curiosity. This movie is the output of the test and shows the following result. The concave lens of glasses used for a shortsighted people can change the angle of iphone's lens with working just like a wide lens.

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Sunday, 23 January 2011

PARABOLIC DISH MIRROR PARABOLOID DIY REFLECTOR DIRECT TV SAVE ENERGY Solar Reflective Film

www.greenpowerscience.com The reflective film is here: This is a dish conversion.

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Thursday, 20 January 2011

Panasonic dmc ft1 test.

Dmc ft1, rendered the raw mts avchd to wmv 3mbps 640x480, sorry but theres a noticeable drop in HD quality. but you get the idea. bit of camera shake with the mount makes things look scrapy, but when stationary it clears up nice. melbourne traffic nth to sth east 7am i want to do a comparo with my GoPro HD, as it has a wide concave lense on it.

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Monday, 17 January 2011

PARABOLIC MIRROR VACUUM POWER Giant Adjustable Parabolic

This is a thick Mylar based parabolic mirror with a 40 inch effective area. The focal length is adjustable with vacuum power. It produces amazing optics and may be an option for a Dobsonian Telescope. The part C material is a first surface mirror on one side and second surface on the other. We coat the first surface with an enamel spray as water can remove the mirror. Once coated it is weather proof. We also use the second surface for solar. FOCAL LENGTH 5000 MM TO 8000 MM. I left this a bit baggy but with a good stretch, you can make a 15M FL.

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Friday, 14 January 2011

Fireworks Extravaganza Micro Nuke

This particular firework is called an Urban Assault Vehicle but on my camera since in has a nice concave lense it makes one part look something along the lines of a nuclear explsion

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Wednesday, 12 January 2011

Who Really Invented the Telescope?

For most of us, we thought that Galileo Galilei was the inventor of telescope because this is what our science teachers have told us and this is what we have read in our science books. But the truth is, we are wrong because even if Galilei was one of the greatest astronomers this planet has ever produced, he was not the one who invented the telescope, so who invented the telescope is a question that has been plaguing our mind.

The answer to question on who invented the telescope is Hans Lipperhey. Yes he was the one who invented the telescope and his invention has greatly contributed to world of astronomy and science as whole. The telescope has changed the landscape of many things in our world. The telescope is used not only in discovering the world outside our planet such as the stars, planets and other astronomical objects but even in our daily lives. For instance, a telescope is used in aiding navigation and transportation such as a vessel and it is used even in the military field, as a tool of protecting and defending one's territory.

Now going back to the question on who invented the telescope, this guy named Han Lipperhey was the cause for a big change in our world and he was born in Germany and built his home in Netherlands. Married in 1954 and a citizen of the Netherlands I 1602, he was a trader by professions. At that time when the Italians came up with glass-techniques that was introduced to the Netherlands, such development has brought new ideas and progress and people then began to try out different ways of creating lenses. It was in 1608 that telescopes were invented.

The truth was there was not only one person who invented the telescope because the invention can be given to three persons, Hans Lippershey and Zacharis Janssen and Jacob Metius. After the invention, telescopes were then produced in numbers and were spread across Europe and eventually in the Americas and in Asia. The early telescopes can only increase the size of an object thrice its original size. But the present telescopes can view object that are light years away and can see even the tiny object and magnify them.

When did Galilei enter into the picture? He actually did not invent the telescope but added some things because he put a convex and concave lens in a tube so what he did was an improved version of the original one. So Galilei was not really the one who invented the telescope.
Now here is the twist to the story because there was a rumor that circulated that it was neither Galilei nor Hans who invented. It was the children of Hans who found out about the telescope while they were playing. But that side of the story on who invented the telescope was not yet proven. So at this point, we have to settle with the more believable version and that is, it was Hans and two others who invented the telescope.

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Saturday, 8 January 2011

How to Make a Telescope - Tips and Guidelines For Beginners

Making a telescope is an extraordinarily rewarding experience because it crosses several different realms of experience. The first reward for you is the fun of making something. And the second reward is the sheer pleasure of using what you made to explore the universe. And you also get the added benefits of saving some money and learning about telescopes and building things.

The Simplest telescope you can make

There are a lot of different types you can make and the absolute simplest one you can make is composed of just two lenses. One large lens called an objective and a second smaller lens called an eyepiece. You hold one lens near your eye and another lens at arms length. You adjust the difference between the two by moving your arm in toward you. A point will be reached where everything comes into focus. It is as simple as that. You have a telescope. Now you can make it much better by creating a tube around it. Get two cardboard tubes with one that can slide in and out of the other. You mount one lens on the end of one tube and the other lens on the end of the other tube. Insert one tube into the other and then slide them in and out to find the focus.

You can get very inexpensive lenses from a variety of surplus and online stores and they generally will only cost a couple of dollars each. I recommend you get for your primary lens a convex lens at least 50 millimeters in diameter and a focal length of between 200 and 300 millimeters. For the secondary lens I recommend you get a convex lens that is between 10 and 25 millimeters wide with a focal length of less than 75 millimeters.

There are several things you can do to make this telescope even better. First off you could make a tube out of something more durable than cardboard tubes. Secondly, this type of telescope will invert images so everything appears upside down which is ok for viewing the sky but is very awkward for viewing things on the earth. You can solve this by using a concave lens for the eyepiece rather than a convex lens.

You can purchase the lenses individually from online surplus stores and there are several kits readily available that give you all the necessary materials to make this kind of telescope. They also come in bulk units for classroom and group use. A kit like this typically gives you all the materials needed to make ten or more telescopes.

Getting A little more involved with your telescope making

If you want a bit more of a challenge you should consider making some type of reflector telescope. Instead of a large objective lens as the light gatherer this type uses a mirror. A reflector can be very economical by giving you great price versus performance. Mirrors cost substantially less than lenses so for the same amount of money spent you can get a much larger and much more powerful telescope.

If you have a bit of woodworking or metal working skill and you want to tackle a project that is well within the means of a hobbyist you might want to consider making a Dobsonian telescope. A Dobsonian telescope uses a parabolic mirror to collect the light and most Dobsonian builders buy the mirror then build the mount for the mirror to go in. The basic concept of this type of telescope is that it is easy to build and easy to use. It is pretty much just a rotating base with a telescope tube mounted on it. And this type of instrument has gotten very popular because it really is easy to use and easy to build. And one of the biggest benefits is that because it is so inexpensive to build more money can be spent on larger mirrors which can make them quite remarkable in terms of their ability to see things in the night sky. If you are considering making this type of scope you probably should begin with one that has a mirror between six and eight inches in diameter.

Whether you build a refractor or a reflector telescope making is a very rewarding pursuit and is something you can enjoy for a lifetime. And once you start you might find that you have caught the fever and will be always looking toward building bigger and better ones. For some people making them is half the fun.

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Wednesday, 5 January 2011

Contact Lenses - The Latest Trends

Move With The Present Day World With Latest Contact Lenses:

Contact lenses are diminutive, concave devices used for corrective, therapeutic, or cosmetic purposes and is placed on the eyes cornea. It is first used to replace the use of glasses for people who have eye problems. Because of this, some eye lenses are considered corrective. A corrective lens can improve a person's vision. Only eye experts prescribe corrective lens. The common eye conditions that are corrected by the lenses are near and far sightedness, and astigmatism. Doctors recommend remedial lens so that existing conditions in the eye, such as corneal edema and ulcers, are confined allowing it to cure faster. This type of lens works by defensive the eyes from friction, blinking of the eyelids, and the dirt and filth in the air.

Different Types Of Contact Lenses In Trend:

Up-to-the-minute technology allows the production of eye care lenses that let through approximately six times more oxygen than ordinary soft eye lenses. Lenses intended for extended wear are made of extra-permeable silicone hydro gel materials and 'breathe' so well that oxygen deprivation is no longer a problem, even if you wear your lenses for several days.

Extended Daily Wear Contact Lenses:

Contact lenses that you can put in and wear incessantly for many days are the nightmare of many contact lens wearers. But is it out of harm's way? Find out if extended wear contacts are true for you. Most eye care lenses are daily wear - you wear them during the day and take them out for the night. Lenses have to be taken out because they partially block the flow of oxygen to your cornea. In other words, your eyes need a rest without contacts. However, many contact lens wearers desire that they didn't have to remove their lenses every evening. Knowing this, contact lens manufacturers have worked really hard to build up a contact lens material that doesn't block oxygen and would allow you to wear your lenses for several days - or even weeks - without risk to your health.

Silicon-hydro gel contacts:

Having dry eyes simply means that you may have to appraise a variety of lenses before finding the right kind for you. A qualified contact lens fitter should be able to find a specific lens that will work well for most any eye, even dry eyes. Soft contact lens manufacturers such as Cooper Vision have developed materials that are designed specifically to stay hydrated while on a dry eye. Lenses such as the Pro clear Compatibles, Acuvue Oasys, Extreme H2O, work wonders in a dry eye environment. Every lens is made from an exclusive proprietary plastic that retains water content, hydration, and/or shape throughout the day. Rigid gas permeable lenses also work very well on dry eyes. An RGP lens is made of a rigid plastic that does not absorb as much solution as a soft lens.

Disposable Contact Lenses:

Disposable eye lenses are those that are replaced after every two weeks or even earlier. Frequent contact lenses are exchanged after a month or even quarterly. Traditional or reusable eye lenses are replaced in six months or in a year.

Color Contact Lenses:

Color contact lenses have turn out to be a well-liked choice among many contact lens wearers, and with the hard to believe variety and specialty lens applications accessible, you can now add a little spice in the look of your eyes! If you're searching for colored contact lenses online, either to wear for cosmetic purposes, or you currently have an eye condition and would like to try a pair of color lenses, you will be satisfied to know many contact lens suppliers will offer you a voucher to try a pair for free of charge!

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Sunday, 2 January 2011

History of Microscopes

Hans Janssen and Zacharias Janssen are held to be the inventors of the microscope, according to the recorded letters of the Dutch envoy, William Boreel. The invention was around the year 1595. Galileo Galilei developed a compound microscope using a convex and a concave lens in the year 1609. The formulation of Christian Huygens in the 17th century, the simple 2-lens ocular system with achromatic correction is popular even today. Anton van Leeuwenhoek popularized the functionality of the instrument among the biologists and the credibility, the "Father of Microscopy" is generally awarded to him. Leeuwenhoek made his famous single lens microscope in the year 1673.

During the beginning years of invention, the microscope was a toy in the rich houses. The first significant discovery using microscopes was about the circulating blood system of the human body. It then led to many valuable discoveries for mankind. The steps such as the correction of spherical aberration, use of achromatic lenses etc were appreciated during the 1820's. August Kohler introduced the microscope lamp with filters in 1880. He also finalized the condenser position to provide the best image projection. The theory of the microscope was published by Ernst Abbe in 1873. In the same year, Ernst Leitz introduced the microscope with a revolving mount for 5 objectives. The oil immersion lens was used from the year 1878, and the apochromatic objective was introduced into microscopy by Ernst Abbe in1886.

The first commercial UV microscope was presented by Zeiss in 1904. In 1930, Fritz Zernike invented the phase contrast microscope, which helps to study transparent living things. The revolutionary TEM electron microscope of Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll was introduced in 1931 and the scanning electron microscope was evolved later in 1937. Yet another milestone in the history of microscopes is the scanning tunneling microscope invented in 1981 by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, which help to visualize the atomic level 3D structure of objects. The scanning laser confocal microscope was commercially available from 1983.

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