The basic design of the refracting telescope is fairly simple. There are no mirrors used in refracting telescopes, as they employ the use of both an objective lens and an eyepiece. The objective lens is used to refract or bend light so that it converges on a focus point or plane. An eyepiece is used to assist the eye in gathering light.
What differing types of refracting telescopes exist?
Galilean Telescope - This type of telescope was invented in 1609 by, you guessed it, Galileo. Though this particular design did help Galileo view the some of the objects in our solar system, it did have some flaws. The flaw rested within the eyepiece, which caused images to appear distorted. This type of telescope is very much obsolete, but Galileo still achieved simply by being one of the first to create such a wonderful piece of technology.
Keplerian Telescope - Invented by Johannes Kepler in 1611, he employed the same principles as Galileo did, but with one key difference. Rather than using a concave eyepiece like Galileo, he employed a convex eyepiece. The downside to this design was that the image being viewed was inverted (upside-down). He did, however achieve a much clearer image and a wider field of view.
Achromatic Refractors - The key difference in an Achromatic Refractor is the use of an objective lens consisting of two separate pieces of glass. These are used to bring two wavelengths, blue and red, into focus on the same plane. These telescopes are widely available today for beginners and amateurs.
Apochromatic Refractors - Following the similar objective design as the Achromatic Refractor, the Apochromatic Refractor uses an objective lens able to bring three wavelengths (red, blue and green) into focus on the same plane. These telescopes are built with extra low dispersion materials to free them from chromatic aberration. These telescopes are geared more towards the more experienced astronomer, but are still relatively simple in usage.
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